Daily Nanomedicine Idea: Particle Nanoarchitectonics for Nasal Drug Delivery and Aging
Abstract: This review discusses particle nanoarchitectonics in nanomedicine and nanotherapeutic drugs, with emphasis on nasal drug delivery and aging. The nasal cavity is an important route for drugs and vaccines due to relatively high permeability, low enzymatic activity, and abundant immunocompetent cells. It covers aging genetics, physiological parameters, and nanoparticle delivery systems, including angiogenesis, folate receptor, aging-related genes, and nasal mucosal immunity.
Main Content: The review introduces nanoparticle biosynthesis and bioavailability, including microbial synthesis, metal nanoparticles, and polymeric nanoparticles. It focuses on nanocarriers for central nervous system drug delivery and challenges of phytochemicals due to stability, solubility, and blood-brain barrier limits. It also summarizes skin photoaging, extracellular matrix degradation, estrogen receptors, angiogenesis, and aging-related genes such as VEGF, FOLR1, GATA6, CBS, CISD2, SIRT1, and SIRT6. Nasal sections cover NALT, M cells, mucosal immunity, and polysaccharide, chitosan, starch, PLGA, lipid, ISCOM, and protein nanoparticles.
Results: The review indicates that aging is associated with impaired angiogenesis and insufficient VEGF signaling, and maintaining VEGF function improves multiple age-related phenotypes; methionine-restricted diets promote angiogenesis. FOLR1 participates in folate transport and influences Yamanaka factors. GATA6, CBS, CISD2, SIRT1, and SIRT6 are involved in metabolism, inflammation, and aging regulation. Nanotherapeutics can improve stability, permeation, and targeted delivery of poorly soluble drugs. Nasal nanovaccines can induce mucosal and systemic immunity, and chitosan, PLGA, lipid, ISCOM, and protein nanoparticles show delivery and adjuvant potential. Age-related changes in absorption, distribution, and metabolism affect nanotherapeutic efficacy and safety.
Future Directions: Future studies should validate safety and long-term effects of nanotherapeutics in aged animal models and relevant metabolic pathways, with attention to complement, IgG, and protein binding variations. Gene regulation of VEGF and FOLR1 may offer insights into healthy aging. Nasal nanodelivery deserves further exploration in mucosal vaccines and brain disease research, with stronger mechanistic, dose-optimization, and immune-safety evaluation.
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